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The Évian Conference was convened at the initiative of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in July 1938 to respond to the plight of the increasing numbers of Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Europe by the Nazis—and perhaps he hoped to obtain commitments from some of the invitee nations to accept more refugees, although he took pains to avoid stating that objective plainly. It was true that Roosevelt desired to deflect attention and criticism from his own national policy that severely limited the quota of Jewish refugees admitted to the United States. From July 6 to 15 representatives from 29 countries met at Évian-les-Bains, France, to discuss the refugee problem; 24 voluntary organizations also attended as observers, presenting plans either orally or in writing.〔"(The Holocaust: Timeline: July 6–15, 1938: Évian Conference )." Yad Vashem. Retrieved November 19, 2015.〕 Golda Meir, the attendee from the British Mandate of Palestine, was the only representative of a landed Jewish constituency, but she was not permitted to speak or to participate in the proceedings except as an observer. Some 200 international journalists gathered at Évian to observe and report on the conclave. The dispossessed and displaced Jews of Austria and Germany were hopeful that this international conference would lead to acceptance of more refugees and safe haven. "The United States had always been viewed in Europe as champion of freedom and under her powerful influence and following her example, certainly many countries would provide the chance to get out of the German trap. The rescue, a new life seemed in reach." Hitler responded to the news of the conference by saying essentially that if the other nations would agree to take the Jews, he would help them leave. The conference proved a failure because both the United States and Britain refused to accept any (substantially) more refugees, and most of the countries at the conference followed suit, the result being that the Jews had no escape and were ultimately subject to what was known as Hitler's "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". The conference was seen by some as "an exercise in Anglo-American collaborative hypocrisy."〔 Two months after Evian, in September 1938, Britain and France granted Hitler the right to occupy the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, making a further 120,000 Jews stateless. In November 1938, on Kristallnacht, a massive Pogrom across the new German Empire was accompanied by the destruction of over 1,000 Synagogues, massacres and the arbitrary arrest of tens of thousands of Jews. From early 1939 the British barred Jews from entering Palestine or buying land there and in March 1939, Hitler occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia (which had a further 180,000 Jews). Following his occupation of Poland in late 1939 and invasion of Russia in 1941, the Germans embarked on a program of systematically killing all Jews in Europe, sometimes with local assistance. ==Background== The Nuremberg Laws made German Jews, who were already persecuted by the Hitler regime, stateless refugees in their own country. By 1938, some 450,000 of about 900,000 German Jews had fled Germany, mostly to British Mandate Palestine, where the massive wave of migrants led to an Arab uprising. In March 1938, Hitler annexed Austria and made the 200,000 Jews of Austria stateless refugees. Hitler's expansion was accompanied by a rise in vicious and violent anti-Semitic Fascist movements across Europe and the Middle East. Significantly antisemitic governments came to power in Poland (from 1935 the government boycotted its own Jewish population), Hungary and Romania, where Jews had always been second class citizens. Thus the numbers of Jews trying to leave Europe was in the millions, while Jews were perceived as an undesirable and socially damaging population with popular academic theories arguing that Jews damaged the "Racial hygiene" or "Eugenics" of nations where they were resident and engaged in conspirative behaviour. Britain did agree to admit 10,000 Jewish immigrant children (more than any other country), but refused to allow free Jewish migration to anywhere in the British Empire, including Palestine where strict quotas restricted Jewish immigration and which Britain administered as a "Jewish National Home" under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate. Before the Conference the United States and Great Britain made a critical agreement: the British promised not to bring up the fact that the United States was not filling its immigration quotas, and any mention of Palestine as a possible destination for Jewish refugees was excluded from the agenda.〔Fischel, Jack R., ''The Holocaust'' (1998), pp. 28–29〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Évian Conference」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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